Roles of zinc in monocytes/macrophages signaling. Black lines, signal transduction; red lines, the effect of zinc; arrows, activation; T bar, inhibition. TLRs, Toll-like receptors; TIRAP, TIR domain containing adaptor protein; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon-β; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor; TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AP1, activator protein 1; IKK, IκB kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; DUSP, dual-specificity phosphatase; IRF3, IFN regulatory factor 3; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; Zip8, Zrt- and Irt-like protein 8 (SLC39A8).|@|~(^,^)~|@|A vital role of zinc in T-cell signaling. Schematic overview of major T cell signaling pathways, inculding TCR- (T cell receptor), IL-1R- (interleukin-1-receptor), IL-2R- and IL-6R-mediated pathways. Explanations are illustrated in the text. Black lines, signal transduction; red lines, the effect of zinc; arrows, activation; T bars, inhibition. LCK, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; ZAP70, zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70; SHP-1, Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1; Csk, C-terminal Src kinase; LAT, linker for activation of T cells; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; JAK, Janus kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; Zip, Zrt- and Irt-like protein.

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