miR-23a Regulates Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by Targeting Manganese Superoxide Dismutase
Bo Long, Tian-Yi Gan, Rong-Cheng Zhang, and Yu-Hui Zhang
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is initiated by various cellular insults and accumulated cardiomyocyte apoptosis leads to the pathogenesis of heart failure. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) provoke apoptotic cascades. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme that converts cellular ROS into harmless products. In this study, we demonstrate that MnSOD is down-regulated upon hydrogen peroxide treatment or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Enhanced expression of MnSOD attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial infarction induced by I/R injury. Further, we show that miR-23a directly regulates the expression of MnSOD. miR-23a regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis by suppressing the expression of MnSOD. Our study reveals a novel model regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis which is composed of miR-23a and MnSOD. Our study provides a new method to tackling apoptosis related cardiac diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Studies have found that apoptotic cell death participates in the pathogenesis of heart failure (Moe and Marin-Garcia, 2016; Olivetti et al., 1997). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte apoptosis would be of great importance for tackling apoptosis related heart disease.
Cardiomyocytes contain a large number of mitochondria which constantly provide energy for the heart (Chen and Zweier, 2014). It is recognized that cellular ROS come from mitochondria (Kalogeris et al., 2014). Physiologically, ROS are considered as signaling molecules that have important biological functions for healthy cells (Lambeth and Neish, 2014; Liochev, 2013; Sena and Chandel, 2012). However, high levels of mitochondrial ROS participate in the regulation of apoptosis (Dixon and Stockwell, 2014). Under pathophysiological conditions, aberrant accumulation of ROS initiates and mediates cardiomyocyte apoptosis (Chen and Zweier, 2014). Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase are three major antioxidant enzyme in mammalian cells (Candas and Li, 2014). MnSOD is an important antioxidant located in mitochondrial matrix where it scavenges superoxide and protects cells from oxidative stress (Cramer-Morales et al., 2015).
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate target gene expression by repressing target mRNA translation or by promoting the degradation of target mRNA (Bartel, 2004; Filipowicz et al., 2008; Latronico and Condorelli, 2009). It has been demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and cell metabolic processes (Barringhaus and Zamore, 2009; Dumortier et al., 2013; Subramanian and Steer, 2010). MiRNAs regulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis by modulating the expression of various targets (Skommer et al., 2014). In addition, dysregulation of miRNAs correlates with the development of heart disease (Duygu et al., 2016; Hata, 2013; Yang et al., 2007).
In this study, we demonstrate that miR-23a participates in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Further studies demonstrate that MnSOD is a target of miR-23a. miR-23a regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting MnSOD expression. Our study reveals a novel signaling pathway regulating cardiomyocyte apopotosis which is composed of miR-23a and MnSOD.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cell culture and treatment
Cardiomyocytes were isolated from male mice (1–2 days) (Long et al., 2013). In brief, the dissected hearts were washed and minced in HEPES-buffered saline solution containing 130 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 4 mM glucose and 20 mM HEPES (PH adjusted to 7.35 ). Tissues were then dispersed in series of incubations at 37°C in HEPES-buffered saline solution containing 1.2 mg/ml pan-creatin and 0.14 mg/ml collagenase (Worthington). After centrifugation, the cells were re-suspended in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium/F-12 (Invitrogen) containing 5% heat-inactivated horse serum, 0.1 mM ascorbate, insulin-transferring-sodium selenite media supplement, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 0.1 mM bromode-oxyuridine. The dissociated cells were pre-plated at 37°C for 1 h. After that, the cardiomyocytes were diluted to 1 × 106 cells/ml and plated in 10 μg/ml laminin-coated culture dishes according to specific experimental requirement.
Adenovirus construction and infection
The mouse MnSOD open reading frame (ORF) was from Origene. The adenoviruses harboring MnSOD, and β-galactosidase (β-gal) were constructed using the Adeno-X™ expression system (Clontech). The mouse MnSOD RNA interference (siRNA) target sequence was 5′-GCTCTAATCAG GACCCATT-3′. A scramble form was used as a control, 5′-ATCGCTAGATCGTACCTAC-3′. The adenoviruses harboring MnSOD RNAi target sequence and its scramble forms were constructed using the pSilencer™ adeno 1.0-CMV System (Ambion) according to the kit’s instructions. All constructs were amplified in HEK293 cells.
Transfection of miR-23a mimic and antagomir
miR-23a mimic, the mimic negative control (mimic-NC), miR-23a antagomir and antagomir negative control (antagomir-NC) were synthesized by GenePhama Co. Ltd. They were transfected at 50 nM. The transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s guideline.
Reporter constructions and luciferase assay
The MnSOD 3′UTR was amplified from mouse genomic DNA by PCR. The forward primer was 5′-GAAGACAGAAGAGCTT GTTGG-3′. The reverse primer was 5′-GGCACACAACCATCT GTAATG-3′. The PCR products were gel-purified and ligated into pGL3 reporter vector (Promega) immediately downstream of the stop codon of the luciferase gene. To generate mutated MnSOD 3′UTR construct, the mutations were introduced by QuickChange II XL site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene).
The luciferase activity assay was performed as described (Long et al., 2013). In brief, cells were cultured in 24 well plates. They were transfected with miR-23a mimic or its negative control, then transfected with plasmid construct of pGL3-MnSOD-3′UTR or pGL3-MnSOD-3′UTR-mut at concentration of 200 ng/well using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). The renilla luciferase plasmid was also co-transfected at 2.5 ng/well serving as the internal control. Two days after transfection, cells were lysed and the luciferase activity was detected with Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay kit (Promega).
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
Stem loop qRT-PCR for mature miR-23a was performed as described (Chen et al., 2005). Total RNA was extracted by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). After Dnase I treatment (Takara, Japan), the RNA was reverse transcribed with reverse transcriptase (ReverTra Ace, Toyobo). The samples were run in triplicate in Applied Biosystems ABI 7000 sequence detector system according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results of qRT-PCR were normalized to that of U6. The primers for U6 were forward, 5′-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATA CTAA-3′; Reverse, 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′. The specificity of the PCR amplification was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Immunoblot
Immunoblot was performed as described (Wang et al., 2016). In brief, the cells were lysed at 4°C in a lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 3 mM EGTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 250 mM sucrose, 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Triton X-100, and a protease inhibitor mixture). The samples were subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Equal protein loading was controlled by Ponceau red staining of membranes. The blots were probed using the primary antibodies. The anti-MnSOD antibody (1:500, Abcam), anti-Bcl2 antibody (1:500, Abcam), anti-CuZnSOD (1:1000, Abcam), anti-Prohibitin (1:1000, Abcam) and anti-Actin antibody (1:2,000, Abcam) were used in this study.
Antioxidant enzyme activities
Enzyme activities of total SOD and MnSOD were assayed by kits (Beyotime biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In general, MnSOD activity of the heart homogenates was tested with the addition of CuZnSOD inhibitors. The CuZnSOD activity was calculated by substracting MnSOD activity from total SOD activities.
Mesurement of hydrogen peroxide in heart tissues
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was assessed as described (Kopf et al., 2010; Landmesser et al., 2003). Briefly, 25 mg left heart ventricle tissues were incubated with Amplex red and HRP (Molecular Probes, USA) in Krebs/HEPES buffer (130 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM CaCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM NaH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 1 mM HEPES, 11.5 mM glucose). The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was determined by fluorescent microplate reader and calculated from a hydrogen peroxide standard curve.
Target protector preparation and transfection
Target protector was designed as described (Choi et al., 2007). Briefly, MnSOD-TPmiR-23a sequence was 5′-AGTTCCAG GACTGCCAGGGATACAC-3′. MnSOD-TPcontrol was 5′-TGACA AATGAGACTCTCTCCTCTCC-3′. Transfection of the target protector was performed using the Endo-Porter kit (Gene Tools) according to the manufacturer′s instructions.
Animal experiment
Adult male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old) were purchased from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). Experiments were performed according to the protocol approved by the Animal Care Committee. The mice received three consecutive days, intravenous injections of miR-23a antagomir, or its control at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight in a small volume (0.2 ml) per injection.
To perform ischemia/reperfusion surgery, the mice were anesthetized and the chest was opened. A 8-0 silk suture was passed around the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) at the inferior border of left auricle. The LAD was occluded by snaring with a vinyl tube through which the ligature had been passed. The coronary artery was occluded by pulling the snare tight and securing it with a hemostat. Forty five minutes later, the ligature was released and the heart was reperfused. The procedure was the same for the sham-operated group except that the snare was left untied.
To perform intracoronary delivery of adenovirus, five days prior to the I/R operation, the mice were anesthetized. The chest was opened and 2 × 1010 moi adenoviruses of MnSOD were injected with a catheter from the apex of the left ventricle into the aortic root while the aorta and pulmonary arteries were cross-clamped. The clamp was maintained for 20 s when the heart pumping against a closed system. The chest was closed and the animal was transferred back to its cage for recovery.
Histology
The harvested hearts were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 6 μm thickness. TUNEL staining was performed according to manufacturer’s instructions (Roche).
Statistical analysis
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The statistical comparison among different groups was performed by one-way ANOVA. Paired data were evaluated by Student’s t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
MnSOD inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo
To test whether MnSOD participates in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, we employed hydrogen peroxide to treat neonatal cardiomyocyte to induce apoptosis. Hydrogen peroxide treatment led to the reduction of MnSOD in cardiomyocytes in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 1A). Enhanced expression of MnSOD delivered by adenovirus attenuated the percentage of apoptosis in cardiomyocyte induced by hydrogen peroxide as revealed by TUNEL assay (Fig. 1B).
To test the role of MnSOD in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction, we subjected the mice to ischemia/reperfusion injury. We found that MnSOD was down-regulated upon ischemia (Fig. 1C). Administration of adenovirus encoding MnSOD elevated the reduced MnSOD expression under I/R insult. Enhanced expression of MnSOD attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis upon I/R injury (Fig. 1D). These results suggest that MnSOD inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis in cultured cardiomyocyte and I/R injured heart.
miR-23a is responsible for the regulation of MnSOD expression
miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that can repress the expression of target genes. To
elucidate the mechanism by which MnSOD is downregulated upon hydrogen peroxide treatment
or I/R injury, we analyzed the 3′ UTR of MnSOD and found that MnSOD is a potential
target of miR-23a by using RNA hybrid program (Fig. 2A). We then found that miR-23a is up-regulated upon hydrogen peroxide treatment (Fig. 2B) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is significantly elevated upon ischemia
in heart tissue (
Further, the luciferase assay system was set up to elucidate whether miR-23a interacts with 3′UTR of MnSOD. The luciferase reporter assay showed that construct with wild type MnSOD 3′UTR had significant reduced translational activity in the presence of miR-23a. Introduction of mutations in the miR-23a binding site abolished miR-23a inhibitory effect on MnSOD translational activity (Figs. 2F and 2G). Taken together, these data suggest that MnSOD is a downstream target of miR-23a.
miR-23a participates in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis
We then study the functional role of miR-23a in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Enhanced expression of miR-23a induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis (Figs. 3A and 3B). We then treated cardiomyocytes with miR-23a antagomirs that efficiently inhibited upregulation of miR-23a upon hydrogen peroxide treatment (Figs. 3C) and we found that inhibition of miR-23a attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (Figs. 3D). We then sought to elucidate whether miR-23a is involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. We found that miR-23a is up-regulated upon different period time of ischemia (Figs. 3E). Administration of miR-23a antagomir attenuated apoptosis upon I/R injury (Figs. 3F). These data suggest that miR-23a is an endogenous regulator of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
miR-23a regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis through targeting MnSOD
We explored how miR-23a exerts its effect on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The results showed that inhibition of miR-23a attenuated the down-regulation of MnSOD (Figs. 4A) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (Figs. 4B) upon hydrogen peroxide treatment. Knockdown of MnSOD abolished the effect of miR-23a antagomir on MnSOD expression (Figs. 4A) and apoptosis (Figs. 4B) upon hydrogen peroxide treatment. To further figure out the relationship between miR-23a and MnSOD in cardiomyocytes apoptosis, the target protector technology was employed which could disrupt the specific base pairs between miRNA and mRNA. The results demonstrate that down-regulation of MnSOD expression induced by hydrogen peroxide was abolished in the presence of miR-23a target protector (Figs. 4C). The percentage of apoptosis was reduced when the target protector was employed (Figs. 4D). These data suggest that miR-23a regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis through targeting MnSOD.
DISCUSSION
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and heart failure. Our present work demonstrates that miR-23a is up-regulated upon hydrogen peroxide treatment or I/R injury. Antagomir mediated inhibition of miR-23a attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis in cultured cardiomyocyte and in I/R injured heart. The results suggest that miR-23a inhibits the expression of MnSOD by interacting with its 3′ UTR region. Our results provide evidence that miR-23a and MnSOD constitute a signaling pathway that regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Recently, studies have found that miRNAs participate in the pathogenesis of heart disease (Barwari et al., 2016; Hata, 2013). miRNAs regulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of various targets (Skommer et al., 2014). Modulating the expression of miRNA may be developed to treat myocardial infarction and heart failure (Duygu et al., 2016). Previous study has shown that miR-23a is a pro-hypertrophic miRNA by targeting muscle specific ring finger protein 1 (MuRF1) and its expression is regulated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc3) (Lin et al., 2009). However, the role of miR-23a in cardiomyocyte apoptosis remains to be characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that miR-23a regulates apoptosis in cultured cardiomyocyte and I/R injured heart. miR-23a may be developed to be a therapeutic target for treating myocardial infarction and heart failure.
The role of miR-23a in apoptosis was found to be distinct in different cell types and tissues. A previous study found that miR-23a inhibited apoptosis in nero-2a cells and decreased cerebral infarction volume following middle cerebral artery occlusion. In addition, miR-23a increased the expression of MnSOD (Zhao et al., 2014). These findings are opposite to our results and this may be attributed to miR-23a playing different roles in different cells and tissues. To strengthen our findings, we detected the expression of Bcl-2 protein which is associated with the expression of MnSOD (Yang et al., 2003). We found that miR-23a inhibits the expression of MnSOD and Bcl-2. Also, we detected the expression of Prohibitin which is a known apoptosis-related target of miR-23a and the results suggest that miR-23a inhibits Prohibitin expression which is consistent with previously published results (Li et al., 2015). Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-23a promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of MnSOD in cardiomyocytes.
Cellular ROS physiologically function as messenger molecules regulating various biological processes. However, uncontrolled ROS accumulation causes damage to the cell (Murphy et al., 2011). ROS are considered as hazardous molecules causing oxidative stress under pathological conditions. Oxidative stress is an important factor that contributes to the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. It is conceived that ROS comes from mitochondrial respiratory chain (Murphy, 2009). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the major antioxidant enzymes. Three different SODs exist in mammalian cells. SOD1 encodes cytosolic copper-zinc SOD. SOD2 encodes MnSOD which is distributed in mitochondrial matrix. Whereas SOD3 is anchored to the extracellular matrix (Sena and Chandel, 2012). All of the SODs catalyze the dismutation of superoxide radicals and prevent cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. Mice homozygous for loss of MnSOD die from dilated cardiomyopathy shortly after birth (Li et al., 1995). We have conducted an experiment to detect the expression and activities of SODs, the results show that the levels and activities of MnSOD and CuZnSOD are decreased upon hydrogen peroxide treatment. However, only the expression and activities of MnSOD recovered when miR-23a is inhibited. These results suggest that miR-23a regulates the expression and activity of MnSOD rather than CuZnSOD in cardiomyocytes. Since a miRNA may functions by targeting different genes, whether miR-23a directly regulate other genes in cardiomyocyte apoptosis need to be further clarified in our future research. In addition, as a gene may be directly regulated by many miRNAs, whether other miRNAs are involved in the regulation of MnSOD needs further elucidation.
Our results suggest that the expression of MnSOD is inhibited by hydrogen peroxide. Previous experiments showed that the expression of MnSOD was decreased when retinal ganglion cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (Khan et al., 2012). However, in primary hepatocytes and human macrophages, the expression of MnSOD was increased when the cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (Kinscherf et al., 1998; Takami et al., 2010). Also, no significant change of MnSOD was observed when pancreatic beta cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (Kimoto et al., 2003). Different expression of MnSOD may depend on the concentration, cell type and duration of hydrogen peroxide treatment. In summary, our data demonstrate that miR-23a regulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of miR-23a attenuates hydrogen peroxide or I/R induced cardiomyocte apoptosis. We further found that miR-23a regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis through MnSOD. Our results provide evidence that miR-23a may become a therapeutic target for treating apoptosis-related heart disease.
Supplementary Information
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